Moreover, the treatment of sewage sludge, a by-product of the treatment process, often involves the use of chemicals like ferric chloride or lime for stabilization and conditioning prior to disposal or further processing. This step minimizes odors, reduces pathogen content, and prepares the sludge for methods like anaerobic digestion or land application.
It is important to note that while PQQ shows promise in these areas, research specifically connecting PQQ to COVID-19 outcomes is still in its infancy. Most of the current understanding stems from the broader contexts of immune function and chronic diseases rather than direct evidence in COVID-19 patients. As the scientific community continues to prioritize this area of research, clinical trials will be essential in establishing effective dosages and understanding the mechanisms through which PQQ may exert its benefits during viral infections.